Art and culture



563-483 : Gautama Buddha – born at Lumbini 
(Nepal); attainment of knowledge – Bodh Gaya (Bihar); first sermon – 
Sarnath, near Varanasi (UP); Nirvana – Kusinagar (Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh).
 
540-468 : Mahavira – born at Kundagrama near 
Vaishali (Bihar) and nirvana at Pavapuri (Patna, Bihar).
 
492-460 : Rule of Ajatasatru, son of Bimbisara, 
king of Magadha.
 
364-321 : Rule of Nandas of Magadha
 
326 : Invasion of India by Alexander Battle 
of Hydaspes.
 
322-298 : Reign of Chandragupta Maurya, the 
founder of the Mauryan dynasty.
 
273-232 : Reign of Ashoka , son of Bindusara
 
261 : Kalinga war.
 
257 : Asoka's conversion to Budhism by Upagupta.
 
250 : Third Buddhist council at Pataliputra
 
90 : Sakas invade India.
 
58 : The Vikrama Samvat (vikram era) introduced by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain.

20-46 AD : Gondophernes, the king of Indo Parthians.
 
78 : Accession of Kanishka, The Saka era begins.
 
100-300 : The Sangam Age in south India.
 
50 BC-250 AD : Satavahana dynasty in the Deccan.

320-335 : Reign of Chandragupta-I.
 
335-380 : Reign of Samudragupta known as Indian 
Napoleon.
 
380-414 : Reign of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya).
 
405-411 : The visit of the Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien 
to India.
 
500-527 : Rule of Huns over North India.

630 : Harsha's clash with Pulakesin II
 
973-1190 : Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani
 
760-1142 : Palas of Eastern India.
 
985-1014 : Reign of Rajaraja, the Great. Starts a great land survey (AD 1000).
 
1014-1044 : Reign of Rajendra Chola. Naval campaign against Sri Vijaya kingdom.
 
788-820 : Sankaracharya and his philosophy of Advaita.
 
712 : Arabs occupy Sindh.
 
871-1173 : Imperial cholas of Tanjore.
 
916-1203 : Construction of Khajuraho Temples. 

1192 : Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj in 
theSecond Battle of Tarain .
 
1206 : Foundation of the Sultanate of Delhi by 
Qutub-ud-din Aibak.
 
1210 : Death of Qutub-ud-din Aibak.
 
1210-1236: Reign of Iltutmish.
 
1221 : Mongol invasion under Chenghis Khan.
 
1231 : Iltumish completed the construction of Qutub Minar at Delhi.
 
1236-1240: Reign of Empress Raziya, daughter of 
Iltutmish, the first and last woman ruler of Medieval India.
 
1266-1287: Reign of Sultan Balban.

1288-1293: Visit of Marco Polo in India.
 
1290-1296 : Sultan Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khalji, founder of the Khalji dynasty.
 
1296 : Alauddin Khalji invades Devagiri.
 
1296-1316: Reign of Sultan Alauddin Khalji.
 
1309-1311: Malik Kafur's expedition into South India.
 
1320-1325: Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik), 
founder of the Tughlaq dynasty.
 
1325-1351: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. Transferred the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad 

1333 : Ibn Batuta arrives in India.
 
1351-1388: Sultan Firuz Tughlaq.
 
1398 : Invasion of Timur during the reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud
 
1414-1451: Reign of Sayyid dynasty.
 
1420 : Visit of Nicolo Conti.
 
1451-1526: Bahlul Lodhi

 (1451-89), Sikandar Lodhi
 
(1489-1517), and Ibrahim Lodhi 
 
1526 : The first Battle of Panipat  Babur 
defeats Ibrahim Lodhi.

1527 : Battle of Khanwa. Babur defeats Rana Sanga of Mewar.
 
1530 : Accession of Humayun.
 
1538 : Death of Guru Nanak
 
1539 : Sher Shah defeats Humayun at Chausa and assumes sovereignty.
 
1540 : Humayun’s defeat near Kanauj.
 
1542 : Birth of Akbar. 
 
1555 : Battle of Sirhind.
 Sikandur Suri was de-feated by Humayun, Humayun recov- ers the throne of Delhi.
 
1556 : Death of Humayun and accession of Akbar. Second Battle of Panipat.
 
1556-1605: Akbar's reign
 
1565 : Battle of Talikota Vijayanagar destroyed.
 
1571 : Foundation of Fatehpur Sikri.
 
1576 : Battle of Haldighati and defeat of Maharana Pratap. 
 
1581 : Din-i-Ilahi promulgated by Akbar.
 
1600 : Deccan expedition and siege of Ahmadnagar : Charter to British East India company.
 
1605 : Death of Akbar and accession of Jahangir.

1605-1627: Reign of Jahangir.
 
1609 : William Hawking visited Jahangir.
 
1615 : Sir Thomas Roe in the court of Jahangir.
 
1627 : Death of Jahangir.
 
1628 : Shah Jahan proclaimed Emperor.
 
1631 : Death of Mumtaz Mahal.
 
1636 : Treaties with Bijapur and Golcunda.
 
1658 : Coronation ofAurangzeb.
 
1659 : Murder of Afzal Khan by Shivaji.
 
1665 : Conclusion of the treaty of Purandhar - 
signed between Sivaji and Jai Singh.
 
1666 : Death of Shah Jahan.
 
1674 : Sivaji's Coronation and assumption of the title of Chatrapati.
 
1675 : Execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur.
 
1679 : Jeziah imposed on the Hindus by Aurangzeb.
 
1680 : Death of Sivaji.

1686 : Conquest of Bijapur by Aurangzeb.
 
1687 : Golconda annexed to the Mughal empire.
 
1707 : Death of Aurangzeb at Ahmadnagar.
 
1740-1761: Peshwaship of Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb).
 
1746-48 : First Carnatic war.
 
1748-54 : Second Carnatic war.
 
1756-63 : Third Carnatic war








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